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temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
Mixed forests are a temperate and humid biome. The typical structure of these forests includes four layers. The uppermost layer is the canopy composed of tall mature trees ranging from high. Below the canopy is the three-layered, shade-tolerant understory that is roughly shorter than the canopy. The top layer of the understory is the sub-canopy composed of smaller mature trees, saplings, and suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees awaiting an opening in the canopy. Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer, composed of low growing woody plants. Typically the lowest growing (and most diverse) layer is the ground cover or herbaceous layer.
==Trees==
In the Northern hemisphere, characteristic dominant broadleaf trees in this biome include oaks (''Quercus'' spp.), beeches (''Fagus'' spp.), maples (''Acer'' spp.), and birches (''Betula'' spp.).〔(World Wildlife Fund: Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest Ecoregions )〕 The term "mixed forest" comes from the inclusion of coniferous trees as a canopy component of these forests. Typical coniferous trees include: Pines (''Pinus'' spp.), firs (''Abies'' spp.), and spruces (''Picea'' spp.). In some areas of this biome the conifers may be a more important canopy species than the broadleaf species. In the Southern hemisphere, endemic genera such as ''Nothofagus'' and ''Eucalyptus'' occupy this biome.
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